CCTV footage released by the Bhoodan Pochampally PHC shows Thirupathi storming into Dr Swetha's office, slapping the physician twice while she was seated at her desk.
The suspect then turned toward a colleague, struck him, and lifted a stethoscope from a table before walking out of the room, where he struck another staff member near the doorway.
Police arrived after the complaint, registered a case under Section 323 of the IPC, and took Thirupathi into custody. Officials said a psychiatric evaluation is underway.
PHC workers, along with patients who attempted to intervene, staged a brief protest wearing black badges, demanding immediate action and tighter security at the facility.
The case will be forwarded to the district magistrate for a hearing, and the medical assessment report is expected within 48 hours.